• Canada Grains Council 1999 Statistical Handbook On The American Express
• Canada Grains Council 1999 Statistical Handbook On The American Tv

Canola Oil: there are myths and facts about Canola oil all over the net, but that doesn’t make it true. Let’s look at these Urban myths and decide if canola oil is healthy or not. As for canola oil on if it is healthy or bad, specifically: just because something is all over the net doesn’t.

Immigration to Canada is the process by which people migrate to Canada to reside there. The majority of these people become Canadiancitizens. After 1947, domestic immigration law and policy went through major changes, most notably with the Immigration Act, 1976, and the current Immigration and Refugee Protection Act from 2002.

In Canada there are four categories of immigrants: family-class (closely related persons of Canadian residents living in Canada), economic immigrants (skilled workers and business people), refugees (people who are escaping persecution, torture or cruel and unusual punishment), and the humanitarian and other category (people accepted as immigrants for humanitarian or compassionate reasons). In 2016, Canada admitted 296,346 permanent residents, compared to 271,845 the previous year – the highest admissions levels since 2010.^[1] Of those admitted, 53% were economic immigrants and their accompanying immediate families; 26% were family class; 20% were either resettled refugees or protected persons; and 1% were in the humanitarian and other category.^[1]

According to data from the 2016 census by Statistics Canada, 21.9% of the Canadian population reported they were or had ever been a landed immigrant or permanent resident in Canada – nearly the 22.3% recorded during the 1921 Census, which was the highest level since the 1867 Confederation of Canada.^[2] More than one in five Canadians were born abroad, and 22.3% of the population belonged to visible minorities, of whom 3 in 10 were born in Canada.^[2]

In 2013–2014, most of the Canadian public, as well as the major political parties, supported either sustaining or increasing the current level of immigration.^[3][4] A 2014 sociological study concluded that 'Australia and Canada are the most receptive to immigration among western nations'.^[5] In 2017, an Angus Reid poll indicated a majority of respondents believed that Canada should accept fewer immigrants and refugees.^[6]

Canadian immigration policies are still evolving. In 2008, Citizenship and Immigration Canada made significant changes to streamline the steady flow of immigrants, such as changes reducing professional categories for skilled immigration as well as caps for immigrants in various categories.^[7] In 2015, Canada introduced the Express Entry system, providing a streamlined application process for many economic immigrants.^[8] Additional changes were made in April and May 2017.^[1] In November 2017, Immigration Minister Ahmed Hussen announced that Canada would admit nearly 1 million permanent residents to Canada over the following three years, rising from 0.7% to 1% of its population by 2020.^[9] This increase was motivated by the economic needs of the country facing an aging demographic, with the number of senior citizens expected to double by 2036 alongside a decline in the proportion of working-age adults.^[9]

• 1History
  • 1.3Third wave (1890–1920) and fourth wave (1940s–1960s)
• 2Immigration rate
• 3Immigration categories
  • 3.3Refugees
• 4Sources of immigration
• 10Further reading

History[edit]

After the initial period of British and French colonization, four major waves (or peaks) of immigration and settlement of non-aboriginal peoples took place over a period of almost two centuries. The fifth wave is currently occurring.

First wave[edit]

The first wave of significant, non-aboriginal immigration to Canada occurred over almost two centuries with slow but progressive French settlement of Quebec and Acadia with smaller numbers of American and European entrepreneurs in addition to British military personnel. This wave culminated with the influx of 46–50,000 British Loyalists fleeing the American Revolution, chiefly from the Mid-Atlantic States mostly into what is today Southern Ontario, the Eastern Townships of Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia of whom 36,000 went to the Maritimes. Some of these later made their way to Ontario. A second wave of 30,000 Americans settled in Ontario and the Eastern Townships between the late 1780s and 1812 with promises of land. Some several thousands of Gaelic-speaking Scottish Highlanders from forced land clearances in Scotland migrated to Cape Breton, Nova Scotia and parts of Eastern Ontario during this period. It marked a new age for Canada and its people.

Second wave[edit]

The second wave, mainly consisting of British and Irish immigrants or the Great Migration, encouraged immigrants to settle in Canada after the War of 1812, and included British army regulars who had served in that war. In 1815, 80% of the English-speakers in Canada who numbered 250,000 were either American colonists, or their descendants. By 1851 their percentage had dropped to 30%. The colonial governors of Canada, who were worried about another American invasion attempt and to counter the French-speaking influence of Quebec, rushed to promote settlement in back country areas along newly constructed plank roads within organized land tracts, mostly in Upper Canada (present-day Ontario), much of the settlements were organized by large companies to promote clearing, and thus farming of land lots. With the second wave Irish immigration to Canada had been increasing, small numbers to organized land settlements but many more arriving to work on canals, timber, railroads and then peaked when the Irish Potato Famine occurred from 1846 to 1849 resulting in hundreds of thousands more Irish arriving on Canada's shores, although a portion migrated on to the United States, either in the short-term or over the subsequent decades. At least 800,000 immigrants arrived between 1815 and 1850, 60% of them British (English and Scottish) and the remainder mostly Irish. This movement of people is known as the Great Migration boosted Canada's population from approximately 500,000 in 1812 to 2.5 million by 1851. Ontario (Upper Canada): 952,000; Quebec (Lower Canada): 890,000 – about a quarter of whom spoke English as a first language; the Maritime provinces: 550,000. The French-speaking population was roughly 300,000 in 1812 and had increased to approx. 700,000 by the 1851 census. Demographically it had swung to a majority English-speaking country.

The Dominion Lands Act of 1872 copied the American system by offering ownership of 160 acres of land free (except for a small registration fee) to any man over 18 or any woman heading a household. They did not need to be citizens, but had to live on the plot and improve it.

Also during this period, Canada became a port of entry for many Europeans seeking to gain entry into the U.S. Canadian transportation companies advertised Canadian ports as a hassle-free way to enter the U.S. especially as the U.S. began barring entry to certain ethnicities. The U.S. and Canada mitigated this situation in 1894 with the Canadian Agreement which allowed for U.S. immigration officials to inspect ships landing at Canadian ports for immigrants excluded from the U.S. If found, the transporting companies were responsible for shipping the persons back.^[10]

Clifford Sifton, minister of the Interior in Ottawa, 1896–1905, argued that the free western lands were ideal for growing wheat and would attract large numbers of hard-working farmers. He removed obstacles that included control of the lands by companies or organizations that did little to encourage settlement. Land companies, the Hudson's Bay Company, and school lands all accounted for large tracts of excellent land. The railways kept closed even larger tracts because they were reluctant to take legal title to the even-numbered lands they were due, thus blocking sale of odd-numbered tracts. Sifton broke the legal log jam, and set up aggressive advertising campaigns in the U.S. and Europe, with a host of agents promoting the Canadian west. He also brokered deals with ethnic groups that wanted large tracts for homogeneous settlement. His goal was to maximize immigration from Britain, eastern Canada and the U.S.^[11]

Third wave (1890–1920) and fourth wave (1940s–1960s)[edit]

The third wave of immigration coming mostly from continental Europe peaked prior to World War I, between 1911–1913 (over 400,000 in 1912), many from Eastern or Southern Europe. The fourth wave came from Europe after the Second World War, peaking at 282,000 in 1957. Many were from Italy and Portugal. Pier 21 in Halifax, Nova Scotia was an influential port for European immigration; Pier 21 received 471,940 Italians between 1928 until it ceased operations in 1971, making Italians the third largest ethnic group to immigrate to Canada during that time period.^[12] Together, they made Canada a more multi-ethnic country with substantial non-British or non-French European elements. For example, Ukrainian Canadians accounted for the largest Ukrainian population outside Ukraine and Russia. The Church of England took up the role of introducing British values to farmers newly arrived on the prairies. In practice, they clung to their traditional religious affiliations.^[13]

Periods of low immigration have also occurred: international movement was very difficult during the world wars, and there was a lack of jobs 'pulling' workers to Canada during the Great Depression in Canada.

Canadianization was a high priority for new arrivals lacking a British cultural background.^[14] Immigrants from Britain were given highest priority.^[15] There was no special effort to attract Francophone immigrants. In terms of economic opportunity, Canada was most attractive to farmers headed to the Prairies, who typically came from eastern and central Europe. Immigrants from Britain preferred urban life.^[16]

Chinese[edit]

Prior to 1885, restrictions on immigration were imposed mostly in response to large waves of immigration rather than planned policy decisions, but not specifically targeted at one group or ethnicity, at least as official policy. Then came the introduction of the first Chinese Head Tax legislation passed in 1885, which was in response to a growing number of Chinese working on the Canadian Pacific Railway. Subsequent increases in the head tax in 1900 and 1903 limited Chinese entrants to Canada. In 1907 a major riot against Asians took place in Vancouver, BC. In 1923 the government passed the Chinese Immigration Act which excluded Chinese from entering Canada altogether between 1923 and 1947. For discriminating against Chinese immigrants in past periods, an official government apology and compensations were announced on 22 June 2006.

Fifth wave (1970s–present)[edit]

Immigration since the 1970s has overwhelmingly been of visible minorities from the developing world. This was largely influenced in 1976 when the Immigration Act was revised and this continued to be official government policy. During the Mulroney government, immigration levels were increased. By the late 1980s, the fifth wave of immigration has maintained with slight fluctuations since (225,000–275,000 annually). Currently, most immigrants come from South Asia, China and Caribbean and this trend is expected to continue.

Citizenship[edit]

The term Canadian as a term of nationalism or citizenship was first used under the Immigration Act, 1910, to designate those British subjects who were domiciled in Canada. All other British subjects required permission to land. A separate status of 'Canadian national' was created under the Canadian Nationals Act, 1921, which was defined as being a Canadian as defined above, their wives, and any children (fathered by such citizens) that had not yet landed in Canada. After the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931, the monarchy ceased to be an exclusively British institution. Because of this Canadians, and others living in countries that became known as Commonwealth realms, were known as subjects of the Crown. However, in legal documents the term 'British subject' continued to be used and 'Canadians' were officially British Subjects born or regularly domiciled in Canada.

Canada was the first nation in the then British Commonwealth to establish its own nationality law in 1946, with the enactment of the Canadian Citizenship Act 1946. This took effect on January 1, 1947. In order to be deemed a Canadian citizen on January 1, 1947, one generally had to be a British subject on that date, or had been admitted to Canada as landed immigrants before that date. First Nations people were later included by amendment in 1956. The phrase British subject refers in general to anyone from the United Kingdom, its colonies at the time, or a Commonwealth country. Acquisition and loss of British subject status before 1947 was determined by United Kingdom law.

Canada offers Canadian citizenship through naturalization. In 2006 the Canadian government reduced the landing fee per immigrant by 50%.^[17]In June 2017 the implementation of the first of a series of important reforms to the Citizenship Act took effect. These reforms restored many of the previous requirements that were in place for more than 3 decades in Canada before they were removed and replaced with more stringent criteria by the former Conservative government in 2015. The most important changes include permanent residence is now a requirement for 3 years out of 5 years during the period immediately prior to filing the application. There is no longer a physical presence rule. Persons aged 14 to 54 years must pass knowledge of Canada test and demonstrate a basic ability in either of English or French, Canada's official languages. Revocation of citizenship must follow a more formal and balanced process.^[18][19] On 15 February 1977, Canada removed restrictions on dual citizenship. Many of the provisions to acquire or lose Canadian citizenship that existed under the 1946 legislation were repealed. Canadian citizens are in general no longer subject to involuntary loss of citizenship, barring revocation on the grounds of immigration fraud.

Statistics Canada has tabulated the effect of immigration on population growth in Canada from 1851 to 2001.^[20]

Emigration[edit]

Emigration from Canada to the United States has historically exceeded immigration, but there were short periods where the reverse was true; for example, the Loyalist refugees; during the various British Columbia gold rushes and later the Klondike Gold Rush which saw many American prospectors inhabiting British Columbia and the Yukon; land settlers moving from the Northern Plains to the Prairies in the early 20th century and also during periods of political turmoil or during wars, for example the Vietnam War. There are over 1 million Canadians living in the US (many millions more descendants of Canadian immigrants to the US – New England alone is 20–25% of Canadian descent) and 1 million Americans living in Canada.

Immigration has always been offset by emigration: at times this was of great concerns of governments intent on filling up the country, particularly the western provinces. The United States was overall the primary destination followed by reverse migration. As a result, the population of Canada at Confederation (1867) was 3.75 million, or 10% of the US population, this average was maintained from about 1830 to 1870. It dropped to 6% by 1900 due to large emigration to the US and in spite of large-scale immigration to Canada. Emigration to the US was only 370,000 in the 1870s; averaged a million a decade from 1880 to 1910; almost 750,000 from 1911 to 1920 and 1.25 million from 1921 to 1930.They consisted of both native born Canadians and recent immigrants from various, mostly European nations. Between 1945 and 1965 emigration to the US averaged 40–45,000 annually. It was not until 1960 that the population of Canada reached the 10% mark again, or 18 million. Today (2017) with over 35 million people, Canada has 10.8% the population of its southern neighbour. In times of economic difficulty, Canadian governments frequently resorted to deportation and coerced 'voluntary' deportation to thin out ranks of unemployed workers; however, by the time of the Mackenzie-King government it was realized that this was an improvident short-term solution resulting in future labor shortages (that immigration was initially intended to overcome).^[21]

Immigration rate[edit]

In 2001, 250,640 people immigrated to Canada, relative to a total population of 30,007,094 people per the 2001 Census. Since 2001, immigration has ranged between 221,352 and 262,236 immigrants per annum.^[22] In 2017 the Liberal government announced Canada will welcome nearly one million immigrants over the next three years. The number of migrants will climb to 310,000 in 2018, up from 300,000 in 2017. That number is projected to rise to 330,000 in 2019 then 340,000 in 2020.^[23][24][25] The three main official reasons given for the level of immigration are:

• The social component – Canada facilitates family reunification.
• The humanitarian component – Relating to refugees.
• The economic component – Attracting immigrants who will contribute economically and fill labour market needs.

The level of immigration peaked in 1993 in the last year of the Progressive Conservative government and was maintained by Liberal Party of Canada. Ambitious targets of an annual 1% per capita immigration rate were hampered by financial constraints. The Liberals committed to raising actual immigration levels further in 2005. All political parties are now cautious about criticizing the high level of immigration. Consequently, immigration levels to Canada (roughly 0.7% per year) are considerably higher per capita than to the United States (about a million, or 0.3%, per year). Further, much of the immigration to the United States is from Latin America, with relatively less from Asia; the United States only admits about twice as many immigrants from Asian countries like China, India, the Philippines, and Pakistan as Canada, despite having nine times the population. Due to this, the largest minority in the United States is the Latin American population, while Canada's largest minority is its Asian population.

Immigrant population growth is concentrated in or near large cities (particularly Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal). These cities are experiencing increased services demands that accompany strong population growth, causing concern about the capability of infrastructure in those cities to handle the influx. For example, a Toronto Star article published on 14 July 2006 authored by Daniel Stoffman noted that 43% of immigrants move to the Greater Toronto Area and said 'unless Canada cuts immigrant numbers, our major cities will not be able to maintain their social and physical infrastructures'.^[26] Most of the provinces that do not have one of those destination cities have implemented strategies to try to boost their share of immigration. While cities are a popular destination for new immigrants, some small towns have seen an influx of immigration due to economic reasons and local schools districts are working to adjust to the change.^[27]

According to Citizenship and Immigration Canada, under the Canada–Quebec Accord of 1991, Quebec has sole responsibility for selecting most immigrants destined to the province. Of course, once immigrants are granted permanent residency or citizenship they are free to move between and reside in any provinces under Section 6 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

2017 border crossings[edit]

In August 2017 the border between Quebec and New York saw an influx of up to 500 illegal crossings each day, by people seeking asylum in Canada.^[28] Canada increased border patrol and immigration staffing in the area, and reiterated that crossing the border illegally had no effect on one's asylum status.^[29][30] It is reported that there over 38,000 irregular migrants arrived in Canada since early 2017. For the same reason both Ontario and Quebec have requested the central government to provide $200 million or more to cover their cost of burden to house and provide services to asylum seekers. Related to asylum seekers, Canada joined 164 countries in signing the UN Global Compact for Migration in 2018. The 2017 government claims it is for following careful measures and to meet international obligations in accommodating irregular migrants.^[31]

Immigration categories[edit]

There are three main categories to Canadian immigration:

Economic immigrants[edit]

Citizenship and Immigration Canada uses seven sub-categories of economic immigrants, and includes skilled workers under these classes: Quebec skilled worker class,^[32] federal skilled trades, the federal skilled worker program, the provincial nominee class and the Canadian experience class.^[33]

The process is done by submitting an online profile to the Express Entry pool, under one of 3 federal Canada immigration programs or a provincial immigration program. The highest ranked candidates are getting invited to apply for permanent residence.

The business immigration programs that offer permanent admission to Canada:

• Quebec Immigrant Investor Program (QIIP)^[22]
• Quebec Entrepreneur program
• Quebec Self Employed
• Federal Start-UP Visa program

Individuals with a certain net worth can also apply for permanent residence via certain programs.^[34]For business owners and investor immigrants that do not fit into the Start-Up business class or Quebec Provincial programs, there is a Federal Owner Operator LMIA pathway that if executed correctly can lead to permanent admission to Canada.^[35]

The high-profile Skilled worker principal applicants group comprised 19.8% of all immigration in 2005. Canada has also created a VIP Business Immigration Program which allows immigrants with sufficient business experience or management experience to receive the Permanent Residency in a shorter period than other types of immigration.

As of May 1, 2014, the Federal Skilled Worker Class opened once again accepting 25,000 applicants with intake caps at 1,000 per category. A New Economic Action Plan 2015 took effect in January 2015 in which the skilled worker program will be more of an employer based program. The current list of accepted occupations for 2014 includes many occupations such as senior managers, accountants, physicians and medical professionals, professionals in marketing and advertising, real estate professionals and many more.^[36] The changes in 2015 moved permanent residency in Canada away from the 'first come, first served' model, and towards a new structure that took on permanent residents based on Canada's economic need. The new system is called 'Express Entry'.^[37] In Alberta in particular, an Immigrant Nominee Program (AINP) ^[38] allows skilled workers, along with their families, to make application for permanent residency, and several large Alberta employers with operations in rural areas actively recruit employees from abroad and support them and their families in seeking permanent residency.^[27]

Effective August 2, 2016, all home buyers who are not Canadian citizens nor have landed immigrant status are obliged to pay a 15% Property Transfer Tax when purchasing residential property in the Greater Vancouver Regional District.^[39]

Family class[edit]

Under a government program, both citizens and permanent residents can sponsor family members to immigrate to Canada.

Refugees[edit]

In 2010, Canada accepted 280,681 immigrants (permanent and temporary) of which 186,913 (67%) were Economic immigrants; 60,220 (22%) were Family class; 24,696 (9%) were Refugees; and 8,845 (2%) were others through working holidays, internships, and studies.^[40][41]

Under Canadian nationality law an immigrant can apply for citizenship after living in Canada for 1095 days (3 years) in any 5-year period provided that they lived in Canada as a permanent resident for at least two of those years.^[42] The opposition parties have been advocating providing one-year free residency visa for refugees as a chance to increase their living standards until they're ready to migrate back to their home countries, rather than uprooting them from their heritage and culture in forms of relief.^{[43][failed verification][44][failed verification]}

Claiming asylum in Canada[edit]

A person who is seeking asylum in Canada must be first considered eligible by the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada(IRB).^[45] The IRB classifies eligible refugees into two separate categories:

• Convention Refugees: Someone who is outside and unable to return to their home country due to a fear of persecution based on several factors including race, religion, and political opinion.^[45]
• A person in need of protection: Claims for asylum under this category are usually made at a point of entry into Canada. Those claiming to be a person in need of protection must be unable to return to their home country safely because they would be subjected to a danger of torture, risk for their life or risk of cruel and unusual treatment.^[45]

After entry and eligibility interview the asylum seeker is either allowed or declined admission. Those who are admitted submits in writing their reasons of admissibility. The refugee board hears their case after 60 days and in favorable terms the claimants are accepted as refugees.^[46] If the claims are not seen appropriate by the interviewers, the asylum seekers may be deported, and there are many instances that make a persons claim ineligible for referral to the IRB. Notably those who seek entry into Canada through the U.S. were the Canada–U.S. Safe Third Country Agreement (STCA) is applied.^[45] The STCA is responsible for limiting refugee eligibility to enter Canada and the rejection of several hundred claims a year since its implementation.^[47] The Canadian Border Services Agency(CBSA) reported a drop in the number of claims from 6,000–14,000 before its implementation to an average of 4,000 claims per year after its implementation.^[48] Asylum claimants have been subjected to 'indirect-refoulment', a consequence of a persons claim in Canada being refused under the STCA, subjecting them to deportation to the destination in which the person was originally seeking asylum from, due to more conservative immigration and refugee policies in the U.S.^[49]

Refugees in detention[edit]

Asylum seekers arriving at a point of entry on the Canadian border have been subject to incarceration and detention, due to the passing of Bill C-31 in December 2012.^[50] Often, claimants are subject to detention for failing to provide sufficient identification documents, which is in violation with the United Nations Refugee Convention, to which Canada is a signatory.^[50] In 2010–2011, Canada detained 8,838 people, of which 4,151 of them were asylum seekers or rejected refugee claimants.^[51] There is a requirement to the maximum time limit spent in detention upon being released, a situation which has been subject to criticism held in contrast to areas in Europe: Ireland (30 days), France (32 days), Spain (40 days), and Italy (60 days).^[51]

Settlement workers[edit]

Settlement workers help immigrants into Canada understand their rights and responsibilities and find them programs and services they need to integrate with the new culture and the prospects of a livelihood. They motivate organizations to hire immigrants and support immigration through recruiting new members/ employees. They work with government agencies, school boards, libraries and other community organizations with networks of resources.^[52] These working relationships also help to provide families with the tools necessary to manage the changing identities of new immigrant families to Canada.^[27]

Illegal immigration in Canada[edit]

Estimates of illegal immigrants in Canada range between 35,000 and 120,000.^[53]James Bissett, a former head of the Canadian Immigration Service, has suggested that the lack of any credible refugee screening process, combined with a high likelihood of ignoring any deportation orders, has resulted in tens of thousands of outstanding warrants for the arrest of rejected refugee claimants, with little attempt at enforcement.^[54] A 2008 report by the Auditor GeneralSheila Fraser stated that Canada has lost track of as many as 41,000 illegal immigrants.^[55][56]

Sources of immigration[edit]

Canada receives its immigrant population from almost 200 countries.

Canada Grains Council 1999 Statistical Handbook On The American Express

Statistics Canada projects that, by 2031, almost one-half of the population could have at least one foreign-born parent.^[60] The number of visible ethnocultural composition of population will double and make up the minority of the population of cities in Canada.^[61]

Canadian immigrant population by country of birth (as of 2016)[edit]

Immigrant refers to all those who hold or have ever held permanent resident status in Canada, including naturalized citizens.^[62]

2011 immigration statistics[edit]

Disabilities and accommodation[edit]

In 2011 and 2012, several families were denied immigration to Canada because members of their family have an autism spectrum diagnosis and Citizenship and Immigration Canada felt the potential cost of care for those family members would place an excessive demand on health or social services.^[64][65] People with autism disorders can be accepted if they are able to depend on themselves.^[65]

The federal government were asked by businesses to expand programs for professional immigrants to get Canadian qualifications in their fields. In response, Canadian Multiculturalism Act of 1988 was passed, and Canadian Council on Learning was created by the federal government to promote best practices in workplace learning. Additionally the credentials of the immigrant workers are assessed through Canadian agencies by the Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada for immigration.^[66] This credential equalization assessment ideally reduces the gap of education and suitable jobs. However, strains of discrimination within the society leads to a systemic process of rejecting and discouraging immigrants, this sort of statistical discrimination is prevalent in the anti-oppressive culture.^[67][68][69] Quebec in 2017 stated that the province prohibit offering or receiving a public service to people covering their faces like wearing chador, niqab or burka. The reasoning behind the bill was to ensure protection of Quebeckers, but the discriminatory strain of the political ideology was reported to be aimed at articles of certain religious faiths. The bill is under question of Canadian policy in regards to tolerance for accommodation.^[70][71][72] A qualitative study found that taste-based discrimination is more prevalent in cities rather than semi-urban areas. The major factors that contributed to less hostility were regional differences in industrial composition and attendant labour demand.^[73]

The Quebeckers have been urging the province to charge additional fees from the immigrants before landing Quebec for French language training, so that the newcomers can start training in the language and culture of the community for better integration. The earnings differential between immigrants and Canadian-born individuals in Quebec is at a narrow by about 20 percent due to the lack of same average literacy scores. This is close to dysfunction when the Canadian Council on Learning in 2008 reported that almost half of Canadian adults are below the internationally accepted literacy standard for coping in a modern society.^[74] Across Canada, businesses have proposed to allow unpaid or basic pay internships, which are currently considered illegal in many provinces (both in government and private) and poses as a major obstacle to integrate immigrants into the working sector. The lack of policy leadership in this sector has resulted in a 'catch-22” situation where employers want experience, but potential employees cannot get experience without a job/ internships.

Recent Canadian attitudes towards immigration[edit]

An October 2016 study of Canadian values by pollster Angus Reid^[75] gave a conflicting picture that about 68% of those polled said they wanted minorities to do more to fit into the mainstream, the same number also said they were nonetheless happy with how the immigrants were integrating themselves into the community. Further, 79% of Canadians believe immigration policy should be based on the country's economic and labour needs, rather than on the needs of foreigners to escape crises in their home countries. In an analysis of the survey, Reid wrote that although Canadians' commitment to multiculturalism is not increasing, and in the wake of North American and European nationalist movements have affected the Canadian attitudes and have started to develop a preference to colorism in certain provinces. Reid also expressed his uncomfortableness in the increasing illiterate refugee immigrants that can affect the Canadian society. However, he found that the majority of newcomers and refugees feel that they are treated fairly and welcomed as a 'Canadian'.^[76]

A 2017 Poll found 32% of Canadians said too many refugees were coming to Canada, up from 30% in 2016. The 2017 poll also asked respondents about their comfort levels with surface diversity, like around people of different races and religions, a question that was also asked in 2005–06. This year, 89% said they were comfortable around people of a different race, down from 94% in 2005–06.^[77]

In 2018, an Angus Reid Institute poll, found that two-thirds of Canadians—67 per cent—agreed that the situation of Illegal immigration to Canada constitutes a 'crisis' and that Canada's 'ability to handle the situation is at a limit'. Fifty-six per cent of respondents who voted Liberal in the 2015 election and 55 per cent of NDP supporters agreed that the matter had reached a crisis level, while 87 per cent of respondents who voted for the Conservatives in the last election called it a crisis. Six-in-ten respondents also told the firm that Canada is 'too generous' toward would-be refugees, a spike of five percentage points since the question was asked last year.^[78][79]

In a 2019 poll, by EKOS Research Associates, found about 40 per cent of Canadians feel there are too many non-white immigrants coming to the country. They consider that the increased non-tolerant trends signifies the growing presence of misinformation and fear-mongering, peddled by a small number of politicians and emerging far-right groups that urge white ethnonationalism.^[80]

Criticisms[edit]

In L'Express, the French news magazine, Canadian academic and environmental activistDavid Suzuki called Canada's immigration policy 'disgusting' (We 'plunder southern countries to deprive them of their future leaders, and wish to increase our population to support our economic growth') and insisted that 'Canada is full' ('Our useful area is reduced').^[81]

See also[edit]

• Ministry of Immigration, Diversity and Inclusion, Government department for immigration to Quebec
• Immigrant benefits urban legend, a hoax regarding benefits comparison

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcHussen, Ahmed D (November 2017). '2017 Annual Report to Parliament on Immigration'. Canada.ca. Government of Canada. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
2. ^ ^ab'Immigration and ethnocultural diversity: Key results from the 2016 Census'. Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. 25 October 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
3. ^James Hollifield; Philip Martin; Pia Orrenius (2014). Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective, Third Edition. Stanford University Press. p. 11. ISBN978-0-8047-8627-0.
4. ^Gary P. Freeman; Randall Hansen; David L. Leal (2013). Immigration and Public Opinion in Liberal Democracies. Routledge. p. 8. ISBN978-1-136-21161-4.
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6. ^''Spirituality in a changing world: Half say faith is 'important' to how they consider society's problems'(PDF). Angusreid.org. p. 15. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
7. ^Grant, Tavia (28 September 2016). '320,000 newcomers came to Canada in past year, highest number since 1971'. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
8. ^Canada, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship (2016-03-11). 'Express Entry Year-End Report 2015 - Canada.ca'. www.canada.ca. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
9. ^ ^abBascaramurty, Dakshana (1 November 2017). 'Canada aims for immigration boost to buttress economy as population ages'. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
10. ^Marina L. Smith, 'The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) at the U.S.–Canadian Border, 1893–1993: An Overview of Issues and Topics', Michigan Historical Review 26, No. 2 (Fall 2000), 127–147.
11. ^Hall, 'Clifford Sifton: Immigration and Settlement Policy, 1896–1905'.
12. ^'Archived copy'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 2017-08-16. Retrieved 2018-04-17.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
13. ^David Smith, Instilling British Values in the Prairie Provinces', Prairie Forum 6#2 (1981): pp. 129–41.
14. ^Kent Fedorowich, 'Restocking the British World: Empire Migration and Anglo-Canadian Relations, 1919–30,' Britain and the World (Aug 2016) 9#2 pp 236-269, DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2016.0239 open access
15. ^Janice Cavell, 'The Imperial Race and the Immigration Sieve: The Canadian Debate on Assisted British Migration and Empire Settlement, 1900–30', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 34#3 (2006): pp. 345–67.
16. ^Kurt Korneski, 'Britishness, Canadianness, Class, and Race: Winnipeg and the British World, 1880s–1910s', Journal of Canadian Studies 41#2 (2007): pp. 161–84.
17. ^Promoting opportunity for new Canadians - Prime Minister of CanadaArchived 2006-09-14 at the Wayback Machine. Pm.gc.ca (2006-05-12). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
18. ^Colin Singer (June 15, 2015). 'Canada: Canada Citizenship Reform: A Comparative Analysis'. CCIRC (Canadian Citizenship & Immigration Resource Center). Retrieved December 26, 2015.
19. ^'Canadian Citizenship: Second Wave Of Changes Take Effect October 11, 2017 (Includes Audio) - Immigration - Canada'. Mondaq.com. Retrieved 2018-02-14.
20. ^Statistics CanadaArchived 2008-01-08 at the Wayback Machine – immigration from 1851 to 2001
21. ^Cook, Tim. 'Mackenzie King and the War Effort'. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2018-02-14.
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23. ^'Canada to admit nearly 1 million immigrants over next 3 years'. CBC News. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
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28. ^'Number Of Asylum Seekers At Quebec Border Nearly Quadrupled In July: Officials'. HuffPost Canada. 2017-08-17. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
29. ^Woods, Allan (2017-08-23). 'Canada is not a safe haven for asylum seekers, Trudeau warns'. The Toronto Star. ISSN0319-0781. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
30. ^'Trudeau says steps to tackle spike in asylum-seekers yielding 'positive results''. CBC News. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
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32. ^Canada, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship (2007-03-31). 'Immigrate as a Quebec-selected skilled worker - Canada.ca'. Canada.ca. Retrieved 2018-03-19.
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34. ^Canada, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship (December 2017). 'Immigrant Investor Venture Capital Pilot Program - Canada.ca'. Canada.ca. Retrieved 2018-03-19.
35. ^McKinsley, Sean. 'OWNER OPERATOR INVESTMENT LMIA STREAM: OPPORTUNITIES FOR BUSINESSES & ENTREPRENEURS'. Canada Immigration & Visa Services. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
36. ^Offering 'Express Entry' to Qualified Economic Immigrants – Actively Recruiting Talented Newcomers For the Benefit of Canada's Economy. (Archived) Government of Canada, April 8, 2014.
37. ^'2canada.com/immigration-to-canada/express-entry-canada/ Moving2Canada Express Entry guide January 30, 2016
38. ^'Alberta Immigrant Nominee Program (AINP)'.
39. ^Chisholm, McMillan LLP-Damon; Kuehn, Scott. 'BC Government Targets Foreign Buyers with Massive Tax Hike – Lexology'. Lexology.com. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
40. ^Citizenship & Immigration Canada: 'Facts and figures 2010 – Immigration overview: Permanent and temporary residents'Archived 2011-11-22 at the Wayback Machine Cic.gc.ca, retrieved November 17, 2011
41. ^Moving2Canada Working Holiday Visa in Canada guide retrieved March 24, 2016
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43. ^Markusoff, Jason (Jan 10, 2018). 'Canada's failing refugee system is leaving thousands in limbo'. Maclean's. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
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47. ^Arbel, Efrat (2013-03-01). 'Shifting Borders and the Boundaries of Rights: Examining the Safe Third Country Agreement between Canada and the United States'. International Journal of Refugee Law. 25 (1): 65–86. doi:10.1093/ijrl/eet002. ISSN0953-8186.
48. ^Marwah, Sonal; Ball, Michelle (Autumn 2017). 'Is the Safe Third Country Agreement putting refugee claimants at risk?'. Ploughshares Monitor. 38 (3): 5–9.
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Further reading[edit]

History[edit]

• Adelman, Howard; Borowski, Allan; Burstein, Meyer; and Foster, Lois, eds. Immigration and Refugee Policy: Australia and Canada Compared (1996)
• Avery, Donald H. Reluctant Host: Canada's Response to Immigrant Workers, 1896–1994 (1996)
• Carment, David; Bercuson, David Jay (2008), The World in Canada: Diaspora, Demography, and Domestic Politics, McGill-Queen's Univ. Press, ISBN9780773532960
• Dirks, Gerald E (May 1, 1977), Canada's Refugee Policy: Indifference or Opportunism?, McGill-Queen's University Press, ISBN978-0-7735-0296-3
• Hall, D.J. (1977), Howard Palmer (ed.), 'Clifford Sifton: Immigration and Settlement Policy, 1896–1905', The Settlement of the West, pp. 60–85
• Hawkins, Freda (1990), Critical Years in Immigration: Canada and Australia Compared, McGill-Queen's Press, ISBN9780773508521
• Kelley, Ninette; Trebilcock, Michael J. (2010), The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy (2nd ed.), University of Toronto Press, ISBN978-0-8020-9536-7
• Knowles, Valerie (2008), Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540–2006 a standard scholarly history
• Lacroix, Patrick (2016). 'From Strangers to 'Humanity First': Canadian Social Democracy and Immigration Policy, 1932-1961'. Canadian Journal of History. 51 (1): 58–82. doi:10.1353/cnh.2016.0028 (inactive 2019-08-20).
• McLean, Lorna 'To Become Part of Us': Ethnicity, Race, Literacy and the Canadian Immigration Act of 1919', Canadian Ethnic Studies, 36#2 (2004): pp. 1–28.
• Magocsi, Paul R (1999), Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples
• Powell, John (2005), Encyclopedia of North American Immigration, Facts On File, ISBN978-0-8160-4658-4
• Timlin, Mabel F (November 1960). 'Canada's Immigration Policy, 1896-1910'. Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science. 26 (4): 517–532. doi:10.2307/138931. JSTOR138931.
• Walker, Barrington (2008), The History of Immigration and Racism in Canada: Essential Readings, Canadian Scholars' Press, ISBN978-1-55130-340-6

Guides[edit]

• Adu-Febiri, Francis (2009), Succeeding from the margins of Canadian society: a strategic resource for new immigrants, refugees and international students, CCB Pub, ISBN978-1-926585-27-7
• Kranc, Benjamin A; Constantin, Elena (2004), Getting into Canada: How to Make a Successful Application for Permanent Residence, How To Books, ISBN978-1-85703-929-0
• DeRocco, John F. Chabot (2008), From Sea to Sea to Sea: A Newcomer's Guide to Canada, Full Blast Productions, ISBN978-0-9784738-4-6
• Driedger, Leo; Halli, Shivalingappa S. (1999), Immigrant Canada: Demographic, Economic, and Social Shallenges, University of Toronto Press, ISBN978-0-8020-4276-7
• Moens, Alexander; Collacott, Martin (2008), Immigration Policy and the Terrorist Threat in Canada and the United States, Fraser Institute, ISBN978-0-88975-235-1, archived from the original on 2012-12-01
• Noorani, Nick; Noorani, Sabrina (2008), Arrival Survival Canada: A Handbook for New Immigrants, Oxford University Press, ISBN978-0-19-542891-9

External links[edit]

• Moving Here, Staying Here: The Canadian Immigrant Experience at Library and Archives Canada
• Going to Canada - Immigration Portal: A source of free and useful information for newcomers and prospective immigrants to Canada.

A whole grain, also called a wholegrain, is a grain of any cereal and pseudocereal that contains the endosperm, germ, and bran, in contrast to refined grains, which retain only the endosperm.^[1][2][3]

As part of a general healthy diet, consumption of whole grains is associated with lower risk of several diseases.^[4] Whole grains are a source of carbohydrates, multiple nutrients and dietary fiber.^[5][6][7] Cereals proteins have low quality, due to deficiencies in essential amino acids, mainly lysine.^[8][9] In contrast, the proteins of the pseudocereals have a high nutritional value.^[10][11]

In a small part of the general population, gluten – proteins found in wheat and related grains^[12] – can trigger coeliac disease, non-coeliac gluten sensitivity, gluten ataxia and dermatitis herpetiformis.^[13]

• 2Health effects
• 3Regulations

Varieties[edit]

Whole grain sources include:^[1][11]

Cereals

• Wheat (spelt, emmer, farroeinkorn, Kamut, durum)
• Rice (black, red and other colored rice varieties)
• Barley (hulled and dehulled but not pearl)
• Oats (including hull-less or naked oats)

Minor cereals

• Fonio, black fonio, Asian millet

Pseudocereals

• Buckwheat, Tartary buckwheat

Health effects[edit]

Whole grains are a source of multiple nutrients and dietary fiber, recommended for children and adults in several daily servings containing a variety of foods that meet whole grain-rich criteria.^[5][6][7]

By supplying high dietary fiber content, as part of a general healthy diet, consumption of whole grains is associated with lower risk of several diseases, including coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer and type 2 diabetes, with lower all-cause mortality.^[4][14][15] Regular whole-grain consumption lowers LDL and triglyceride levels, which contributes to an overall 26% reduction in coronary heart disease-risk factors. In addition, whole-grain consumption is inversely related to hypertension, diabetes, and obesity when compared to refined grains, all of which are negative indicators in total cardiovascular health.^[16][17]

As components of breakfast cereals, whole grains are associated with improved micronutrient intake and lower risk of several diseases.^[15] Their effects on gastrointestinal health, risk of obesity and cognition need further evaluation.^[18]

Keeping grains as close to their original form as possible slows or prevents the digestion of starch, and a slower digestion is responsible for preventing spikes in blood sugar (over time spikes in blood sugar may lead to insulin resistance).^[19]

Cereals proteins have low quality, due to deficiencies in essential amino acids, mainly lysine.^[8][9] Supplementation of cereals with proteins from other food sources (mainly legumes) is commonly used to compensate for this deficiency,^[9] since the limitation of a single essential amino acid causes the others to break down and become excreted, which is especially important during the period of growth.^[20] In contrast, the proteins of the pseudocereals have a high nutritional value, close to those of casein (the main protein in milk).^[11] Quinoa and amaranth are the most nutritious grains due to their high content and quality of proteins, with high levels of lysine and other essential amino acids.^[11][10] Minor cereals and pseudocereals are a good alternative to replace gluten-containing cereals, for people who need to follow a gluten-free diet.^[11]

Manufacturers of foods containing whole grains in specified amounts are allowed a health claim for marketing purposes in the United States, stating: 'low fat diets rich in fiber-containing grain products, fruits, and vegetables may reduce the risk of some types of cancer, a disease associated with many factors' and 'diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol and rich in fruits, vegetables, and grain products that contain some types of dietary fiber, particularly soluble fiber, may reduce the risk of heart disease, a disease associated with many factors'.^[21][22] The scientific opinion of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) related to health claims on gut health/bowel function, weight control, blood glucose/insulin levels, weight management, blood cholesterol, satiety, glycaemic index, digestive function and cardiovascular health is 'that the food constituent, whole grain, (...) is not sufficiently characterised in relation to the claimed health effects' and 'that a cause and effect relationship cannot be established between the consumption of whole grain and the claimed effects considered in this opinion.'^[5][23]

Concerns[edit]

In genetically susceptible people, gluten (proteins found in wheat, barley, rye, oat, and related species and hybrids)^[12] can trigger coeliac disease.^[24] Coeliac disease affects about 1% of the general population in developed countries.^[24][25] There is evidence that most cases remain undiagnosed and untreated.^[24] The only known effective treatment is a strict lifelong gluten-free diet.^[24]

Canada Grains Council 1999 Statistical Handbook On The American Tv

While coeliac disease is caused by a reaction to wheat proteins, it is not the same as a wheat allergy.^[24][25] Other diseases triggered by eating gluten are non-coeliac gluten sensitivity,^[25][13] (estimated to affect 0.5% to 13% of the general population),^[26]gluten ataxia and dermatitis herpetiformis.^[13]

Regulations[edit]

In the United States wholegrain products can be identified by the ingredients list. 'Wheat flour' (as opposed to 'wholegrain wheat flour' or 'whole-wheat flour') as the first ingredient is not a clear indicator of the product's wholegrain content. If two ingredients are listed as grain products but only the second is listed as wholegrain, the entire product may contain between 1% and 49% wholegrain.^[27] Many breads are colored brown (often with molasses or caramel color) and made to look like wholegrain when they are not. In addition, some food manufacturers make foods with wholegrain ingredients, but, because wholegrain ingredients are not the dominant ingredient, they are not wholegrain products. Contrary to popular belief, wholegrains are not indicative of fiber. The amount of fiber varies from grain to grain, and some products may have things like bran, peas, or other foods added to boost the fiber content.^[28]

In Canada, it is legal to advertise any food product as 'whole wheat' with up to 70% of the germ removed.^{[29][dubious]} While the resulting product will contain the benefit of fiber in the nutritional information, it lacks the nutritional content found in the wheat germ. Canadian consumers can be assured of whole-grain products by a label stating 100% whole-grain whole wheat.

Similar to the distinction between whole and refined grains is that between whole pulses (peas, beans, and other related vegetables) and refined dal (a preparation of pulses or the thick stew prepared from these).^{[dubious][citation needed]}

From AACC (American Association of Cereal Chemists) definition: 'Whole grains shall consist of the intact, ground, cracked or flaked caryopsis, whose principal anatomical components - the starchy endosperm, germ and bran - are present in the same relative proportions as they exist in the intact caryopsis.'

U.S. standards of identity[edit]

The following names indicate whole-grain products, in accordance with the federal government:^[30][31][32]

• 'Whole wheat bread'
• 'Whole millet'
• 'Whole wheat buns'
• 'Whole wheat macaroni'
• 'Whole wheat spaghetti'
• 'Whole wheat vermicelli'
• 'Cracked wheat' (as an ingredient, not part of a name, as in 'cracked wheat bread')
• 'Crushed wheat'
• 'Whole wheat flour'
• 'Graham flour' (as an ingredient, not as part of a name as in 'graham crackers')
• 'Entire wheat flour'
• 'Bromated whole wheat flour'
• 'Whole durum flour'
• 'Bulgur (cracked wheat)' (note that 'bulgur' by itself may or may not indicate whole grain, and that 'cracked wheat' is not synonymous with bulgur)

Canadian standards of identity[edit]

There are multiple grains such as cereal grains (e.g. wheat, rice, oats, barley, corn, wild rice, and rye) as well as pseudocereals (e.g. quinoa and buckwheat) that may be labeled whole grains.^[33]

When wheat is milled to make flour, the parts of the grain are usually separated and then are recombined to make specific types of flour, such as whole wheat, whole grain, white cake and pastry flour, and all-purpose white flour. If all parts of the kernel are used in the same relative proportions as they exist in the original kernel, then the flour is considered whole grain.

Under the Food and Drug Regulations, up to 5% of the kernel can be removed to help reduce rancidity and prolong the shelf life of whole-wheat flour. The portion of the kernel that is removed for this purpose contains much of the germ and some of the bran. If this portion of the kernel has been removed, the flour would no longer be considered whole grain.

UK regulations[edit]

In the UK the legally protected term is wholemeal rather than wholegrain.^[34] There are voluntary guidelines on what can be labelled a wholegrain product.^[34]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abEuropean Commission in the Communities 6th Framework Programme, Integrated Project HEALTHGRAIN (2013). 'Whole grain definition'(PDF). Retrieved 3 June 2017.
2. ^'Whole Grains'. AACC. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
3. ^van der Kamp, JW (2013). 'Whole Grain Definition: New Perspectives for Inclusion of Grains and Processing but not for Analysis'(PDF). Cfw Plexus. doi:10.1094/CPLEX-2013-1001-08B. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
4. ^ ^ab'Whole Grains and Fiber'. American Heart Association. 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016. Dietary fiber from whole grains, as part of an overall healthy diet, may help improve blood cholesterol levels, and lower risk of heart disease, stroke, obesity and type 2 diabetes.
5. ^ ^abc'Whole Grain Fact Sheet'. European Food Information Council. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
6. ^ ^ab'Whole Grain Resource for the National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs: A Guide to Meeting the Whole Grain-Rich Criteria'(PDF). US Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service. January 2014. Additionally, menu planners are encouraged to serve a variety of foods that meet whole grain-rich criteria and may not serve the same product every day to count for the HUSSC whole grain-rich criteria.
7. ^ ^ab'All About the Grains Group'. US Department of Agriculture, MyPlate. 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
8. ^ ^abShewry, PR. 'Impacts of agriculture on human health and nutrition – Vol. II - Improving the Protein Content and Quality of Temperate Cereals: Wheat, Barley and Rye'(PDF). UNESCO - Encyclopedia Life Support Systems (UNESCO-EOLSS). Retrieved 2 June 2017. When compared with the WHO requirements of essential amino acids for humans, wheat, barley and rye are seen to be deficient in lysine, with threonine being the second limiting amino acid (Table 1).
9. ^ ^abc'Nutritional quality of cereals'. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
10. ^ ^abRobin F, Théoduloz C, Srichuwong S (2015). 'Properties of extruded whole grain cereals and pseudocereals flours'. International Journal of Food Science & Technology. 50 (10): 2152–2159. doi:10.1111/ijfs.12893. Retrieved 3 June 2017.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
11. ^ ^abcdeSaturni L, Ferretti G, Bacchetti T (2010). 'The gluten-free diet: safety and nutritional quality'. Nutrients (Review). 2 (1): 16–34. doi:10.3390/nu2010016. PMC3257612. PMID22253989.
12. ^ ^abBiesiekierski JR (2017). 'What is gluten?'. J Gastroenterol Hepatol (Review). 32 Suppl 1: 78–81. doi:10.1111/jgh.13703. PMID28244676. Similar proteins to the gliadin found in wheat exist as secalin in rye, hordein in barley, and avenins in oats and are collectively referred to as “gluten.” The gluten found in all of these grains has been identified as the component capable of triggering the immune-mediated disorder, coeliac disease.
13. ^ ^abcLudvigsson JF, Leffler DA, Bai JC, Biagi F, Fasano A, Green PH, Hadjivassiliou M, Kaukinen K, Kelly CP, Leonard JN, Lundin KE, Murray JA, Sanders DS, Walker MM, Zingone F, Ciacci C (January 2013). 'The Oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms'. Gut. 62 (1): 43–52. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301346. PMC3440559. PMID22345659.
14. ^Aune, D; Keum, N; Giovannucci, E; Fadnes, L. T.; Boffetta, P; Greenwood, D. C.; Tonstad, S; Vatten, L. J.; Riboli, E; Norat, T (2016). 'Whole grain consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all cause and cause specific mortality: Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies'. BMJ. 353: i2716. doi:10.1136/bmj.i2716. PMC4908315. PMID27301975.
15. ^ ^abWilliams, P. G. (2014). 'The benefits of breakfast cereal consumption: A systematic review of the evidence base'. Advances in Nutrition. 5 (5): 636S–673S. doi:10.3945/an.114.006247. PMC4188247. PMID25225349.
16. ^Anderson, JW; Hanna, TJ; Peng, X; Kryscio, RJ (June 2000). 'Whole Grain Foods and Heart Disease Risk'. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 19 (3 Suppl): 291S–299S. doi:10.1080/07315724.2000.10718963. PMID10875600.
17. ^de Munter, Jeroen S. L.; Hu, Frank B.; Spiegelman, Donna; Franz, Mary; van Dam, Rob M. (2007-08-01). 'Whole grain, bran, and germ intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study and systematic review'. PLOS Medicine. 4 (8): e261. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040261. ISSN1549-1676. PMC1952203. PMID17760498.
18. ^Priebe, M. G.; McMonagle, J. R. (2016). 'Effects of Ready-to-Eat-Cereals on Key Nutritional and Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review'. PLoS ONE. 11 (10): e0164931. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1164931P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164931. PMC5066953. PMID27749919.
19. ^'Glycemic Index – From Research to Nutrition Recommendations?'(PDF). Retrieved 2007-07-09.
20. ^Shewry PR, Hey SJ (2015). 'Review: The contribution of wheat to human diet and health'. Food and Energy Security. 4 (3): 178–202. doi:10.1002/fes3.64. PMC4998136. PMID27610232.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
21. ^'Health Claim Notification for Whole Grain Foods'. Bethesda, MD: Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services. July 1999. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
22. ^'Guidance for Industry: A Food Labeling Guide (11. Appendix C: Health Claims)'. Bethesda, MD: Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services. January 2013.
23. ^European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) (2010). 'Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to whole grain (ID 831, 832, 833, 1126, 1268, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1431) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006'. EFSA Journal. 8 (10): 1766. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1766.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
24. ^ ^abcde'Celiac disease'. World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guidelines. July 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
25. ^ ^abc'Definition and Facts for Celiac Disease'. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD. 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
26. ^Molina-Infante J, Santolaria S, Sanders DS, Fernández-Bañares F (May 2015). 'Systematic review: noncoeliac gluten sensitivity'. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 41 (9): 807–20. doi:10.1111/apt.13155. PMID25753138.
27. ^'Whole Grains Council - Intro to Whole Grains'. Retrieved 2007-10-10.
28. ^'Whole Grains Council - Identifying Whole Grain Products'. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
29. ^Schwartz, Rosie. 'A wholegrain of truth'. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
30. ^'21 CFR 136'. Archived from the original on 2007-12-21. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
31. ^'21 CFR 137'. Archived from the original on 2007-11-02. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
32. ^'21 CFR 139'. Archived from the original on 2007-11-02. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
33. ^'Whole Grains - Get the Facts'. hc-sc.gc.ca. 2007-06-29. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
34. ^ ^abwholegrain - UK

External links[edit]